Writing+literature+review

Name: Loqman hakim Bin Hasulbullah ID No. AA09199 Writing literature review Researcher done on the factors that causes death at construction sites. Among the sources studied are on death due to heavy vehicles. Example of a similar study of the safety of the journal Research by Michael McCann found that heavy equipment and truck-related deaths at work sites excavation. Heavy weight in this study includes bulldozers, backhoes, excavating equipment, construction equipment such as trucks, including dump trucks, semi-trailer, tractor trailer, and so on. The term is used in vehicles for paper means good truck or heavy equipment. In the same study, it said the accident occurred because the struck vehicle weight and lack of disclosure about the use of the machine. There are also different factors that a study by Kopl M. Halperin, Michael McCann finds that an evaluation of scaffold safety at construction sites. Refer to the article, Construct revealed the cause of death was dropped from the top down.(Center to Protect Workers’ Rights, 2002; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH], 2000). The otherwise research finds which discussed the matter on the workers, why construction workers are still not safe in doing their work. Interviews were made in China over workers who are victims of accidents. Among the information that they are accidents caused by individuals themselves. This is because there is no awareness. They are not concerned about security at the site construction. Interview with a rich database that helps answer the question why the employee is not work safe. The second group of researchers, the research note of Kopl M. Halperin, Michael McCann finds that an evaluation of scaffold safety at construction sites. Construct revealed the cause of death was dropped from the top down. It also has similarities with the first group by Michael McCann. It relates to the operation of machines that cannot be controlled until the accident involving scaffolding. For example, the excavator operator negligent in doing so crashed the existing scaffolding revealed well-built. There are also similarities with the third group of workers unskilled china made him climb the scaffolding fell from the top down. There are also differences in the first group of research. This is because there are deaths due to workers died because he fell from scaffolding. The possibility that they are not concerned about safety on to build. The third group of researchers, why operatives engage in unsafe work behavior where Investigating factors on construction sites. Rafiq M. Choudhry & D.P Fang (2008) find this is because there is no awareness. They are not concerned about security at the site construction. Interview with a rich database that helps answer the question why the employee is not work safe. Possibilities it has in common with the first group of foreign workers cannot handle the weight of the vehicle here. The possibility of the land and not the same machine at their place and resulted in the abuse. Similarly, the second group, the possibility of scaffolding here is not the same in other countries. Modern times may also not require scaffolding. Some construction sites using the IBS system. Finally, for the conclusion research above founded that, the factor that causes death at construction sites. Several of investigate will done to ensure quality work on to build secure.

**References:**

 * 1) McCann,M. (2006) Heavy equipment and truck-related deaths on excavation work sites (USA).//Journal of Safety Research 37 PP 511–517//
 * 2) Kopl M. Halperin & McCann. M (2003) An evaluation of scaffold safety at construction sites (USA). //Journal of Safety Research 35 PP 141– 150//
 * 3) Rafiq M. Choudhry & D.P Fang (2008). Why operatives engage in unsafe work behavior: Investigating factors on construction sites (China). //Safety Science 46 PP 566–584//

__**EKIN**__ According to measures to improve safety and productivity simultaneously the purpose of this study was to determine how the productivity and safety can be integrated. Associated with a serious work accident evaluate the effectiveness of measures of productivity and safety. Two of interest in the safety of workers is for employers responsible for security in terms of providing information and motivation to companies and workers after that to prevent death and economic loss (Klen, 1989; S6derqvist et al, 1990). Accident is said to show that there is something wrong in the management system (Petersen, 1971, 1989). The important element is that of security management is the highest in safety management (Cohen & Cleveland, 1983; Levitt & Samelson, 1987). In addition to the involvement of top management, the participation of heads of departments and employees of the key elements of safety management ( Chew, 1988; Lark, 1991; Planek & Fearn, 1993). According to Cox and Cox (1991) they have reviewed their employees in European multinational companies with their own questions. They produced five factors, which include personal attitudes, individual responsibility, the safety of working environment, the effectiveness of security procedures, and personal immunization. Analyze other factors, some of the problems of safety management is unknown. Here we can assume that the attitude of the head is important to change employee attitudes towards safety.

 Refer to, use of association rules to explore cause–effect relationships in occupational accidents in the Taiwan construction industry, factors that influence the occurrence of accidents of various countries is first due to personal factors (age, experience), both environmental factors and equipment (type of accident, the source of injury), the third factor is a project (contract number, type of project), the fourth factor is the management and the lastly factor is the time (Cattledge, 1996; Kartam, 2000; Siu, 2003; Tam, 2004; Angela & Ines, 2005; Macedo & Silva, 2005; Aksorn & Hadikusumo, 2008). Survey carried out safety management of construction industry has revealed that security measures are inadequate and lack of awareness of safety (in both the workers and management) is the main reason that makes the high incidence of work accidents in the industry the factors to the high construction accident first problems arising from the employee or work team (70% of accidents), second workplace issues (49%), third lack of equipment, particularly personal protective equipment (PPE) (56%), problems related to the suitability and condition of materials (27%), and lastly lack of risk management (84%). ( Sawacha, 1999; Tam, 2004; Angela   & Ines, 2005; Aksorn & Hadikusumo, 2008). Tam (2009) observes that factors that influence the safety performance are as follows, lack of awareness of safety the top management, lack of training, lack of safety awareness project manager, the refusal to provide a source of safety, and finally reckless  operations. Several studies have been made, including increased security operations and the provision of adequate training and safety knowledge to employees in order to improve safety management in construction industry ( HSE, 1988; Williamson, 1996; Haslam, 2005; Tariq & John, 2000; Kartam, 2000; Angela & Ines, 2005).

From article addressing construction worker safety in the design phase designing for construction worker safety J.Gambattese & J.Hinze (1999) find despite the importance of construction safety in the United States has been extended to owners of construction projects, designers usually do not participate in matters of security. Designers often shy away from responsibility for the safety of construction workers mainly because they lack knowledge about safety. In the United Kingdom, the CDM Regulations have been successfully directed to focus on worker safety, and the steps required for action. A praised British effort, this study takes the next step in addressing construction worker safety. To provide designers with the necessary knowledge and equipment, as well as providing practical examples of how to plan for construction safety.


 * References: **
 * 1) S.Salminen. & J.Saari. (1995). Measures to improve safety and productivity simultaneously. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 15, pp.261-269.
 * 2) Cheng,C.W. Lin,C.C. & Leu,S.S. (2010). Use of association rules to explore cause-effect relationships in occupational accidents in the Taiwan construction industry. Safety Science, 48, pp.436-444.
 * J, Gambatese. & J, Hinze. (1999). Addressing construction worker safety in the design phase designing for construction worker safety. Automation in construction, 8, pp.643

AIZAD JOHARI ( AA09197 )

__ SAFETY AT CONSTRUCTION SITE __

Researchers at present have made several discoveries that are important to defend the fate of workers at the construction site. Construction workers are exposed to many serious safety hazards, including those responsible for back injuries. (Gervais, 2003), for example the numbers of accidents occurring at construction site was related to several factors among which are lack of knowledge and experience of the workers on site and weather factors affecting the site's exposed to the rain that has caused the occurrence of slips and falls from high place. (Ling, Liu & Woo, 2008). The result of a study by (M.Gervais,2003) also agree that there are many factors are effect the accident at construction site and also the lack of the management at administrator. These studies also have found some evidence of accidents at construction sites are caused by management talk on safety provision of safety booklet, provision of safety equipment, providing safety environment and appointing a trained safety representative on site. (Edwin, Shamil & Daniel, 1999). This study proves that there are similarities in the three studies that were done and the importance of research done on the construction industry.

Similarly,  all three related studies conducted have   equality, such as inefficient management of the site has resulted in several major contributors to accidents. ( Edwin, Shamil and Daniel, 1999). The research conducted by Gervais has stated the main approaches identified in the literature to the prevention of back disorders were the integration of safety considerations into the planning of construction work, adoption of good management practices, provision of adequate training, improvement of working conditions, and elimination of biomechanical hazards. The research done by them is appropriate to take into account the faucet was the study done by Edwin, Shamil and Daniel.

In short, most studies reported above found that safety on construction sites is an important point and requires special attention because the lives of workers who work lies in the security procedures in practice. For example in Singapore 40 accidents were reported and are from 2006 and 2008 in the industrial countries. ( Florence, Yean & Yue, 2008). As the research by three journal, the accidents events could be avoided if steps are taken such as screening of employees who are able to facilitate the understanding and delivery of instruction to employees that the information received is not mistaken. Events could be avoided if steps are taken such as screening of employees who are able to facilitate the understanding and delivery of instruction to employees that the information received is not mistaken. Because the workers who have good educational backgrounds may interpret the information received and translated into good actions. This is important to create a safe workplace and the lack of risk factors due to accidents and losses.

__REFERENCES__


 * 1) M. Gervais. (2003). Good management practice as a means of preventing back disorders in the construction term sector, Canada.International //journal of Safety// Science, 41(2), pp.77-88


 * 1) Ling F.Y.Y, Liu M. & Woo Y.C. (2008). Construction fatalities in Singapore, USA.//International Journal of Project Management//, 27(2009), pp.717-726


 * 1) Edwin S., Shamil N. & Daniel N. (1999). Factors affecting safety performance on construction sites, London.//International Journal of Project Management//, 17(5), pp.309-315